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Gert Jan Hofstede: The cultural biology of organization

Causes of culture

Our biology has given us the basic drives of social mammals. Evidently we need food, drink and shelter. But with our bellies full we are driven by social needs as well. I use the acronym SAND for them:

bulletsex (taboo, but without this drive, we would not have been so numerous...)
bulletaffiliation: having friends, feeling loved
bulletnovelty, but not too much
bulletdominance: being admired, esteemed, powerful

Options for gratification of these needs, in particular dominance, are in short supply. As a result there is competition. Like other social mammals we have unwritten rules about when, how and with whom it is OK to seek gratification of needs.

But we are not just driven by genes. Humans live in large, interlacing social groups of symbolically marked individuals. We have symbolic identities, and in this regard our inter-group variety is much larger than it is for our genetic make-up. Genetically there is just one human race. But different societies have found different sets of rules: different cultures. The evolution of these cultures is a current frontier of science. Crossing that frontier will require interdisciplinary cooperation. I intend to do my best to contribute.

Do I hear the word 'rational'? Hah! That just means trying to get to the top of the dominance hierarchy...

...jealousy is everywhere...

N.B. About the causes of culture, you might wish to read some of the books about culture in my reading room.    
 

updated 06-02-2010 by Gert Jan Hofstede